personal pronouns

nominative	ja	I	ty	you	-		my	we	vy	you
genitive	mne		tebe		sebe		nas		vas
dative	mnie		tebie		sebie		nam		vam
accusative	mne	me	tebe	you	sebe	*self	nas	us	vas	you
vocative	ja		ty		-		my		vy
locative	mnie		tebie		sebie		nas		vas
instrumental	mnoj		teboj		seboj		nami		vami

1. The pronoun ty=you is used for singular, the pronoun vy=you is used for plural or for politeness and courtesy to one person.
   
   
2. It is possible to optionally use short forms mnie=mi, tebie=ti, sebie=si and sebe=se.
   
   
3. Pronoun sebe, sebie, seboj is referring the subject of the sentence. It is obvious, that this pronoun does not exist in the nominative.
   example: Pišu sebe do knigy. = I write myself in a book.   Pišeme sebe do knigy. = We write ourselves in a book.
   

hard pattern - pronoun toj, ta, to = the

	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	t-oj	t-a	t-o	t-i
genitive	t-ogo	t-oj	t-ogo	t-ieh
dative	t-omu	t-oj	t-omu	t-iem
accusative	t-ogo, t-oj	t-u	t-o	t-e
vocative	t-oj	t-a	t-e	t-i
locative	t-om	t-oj	t-om	t-ieh
instrumental	t-iem	t-oj	t-iem	t-iemi

Remember, that this pronoun has popular derivatives tutoj, tuta, tuto = this (here), tamtoj, tamta, tamto = that (there).


soft pattern - pronoun sej, sa, se = the

	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	s-ej	s-a	s-e	s-i
genitive	s-ego	s-ej	s-ego	s-ih
dative	s-emu	s-ej	s-emu	s-im
accusative	s-ego,s-ej	s-u	s-e	s-e
vocative	s-ej	s-a	s-e	s-i
locative	s-em	s-ej	s-em	s-ih
instrumental	s-im	s-ej	s-im	s-imi

Pronoun sej, sa, se is a very rarely used alternative to the definite article toj, ta, to. But remember it has very frequent derivative: vsej, vsa, vse (vsego, vsemu, ...) = everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone. Moreover, there are also some words using this pronoun such as: vsej + mir (world) = vsejmir (space, cosmos, universe).


soft pattern - pronouns on, ona, ono, oni = he, she, it, they

	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	on	on-a	on-o	on-i
genitive	(n)j-ego	(n)j-ej	(n)j-ego	(n)j-ih
dative	(n)j-emu	(n)j-ej	(n)j-emu	(n)j-im
accusative	(n)j-ego	(n)j-u	(n)j-e	(n)j-e
vocative	-	-	-	-
locative	(n)j-em	(n)j-ej	(n)j-em	(n)j-ih
instrumental	(n)j-im	(n)j-ej	(n)j-im	(n)j-imi

1. If this pronoun is used with a preposition, we need to add n- on the beginning.
   
   Example: daj jemu (D) = give him, idu k njemu (D) = I go to him, vidim ju (A) = I see her, tuto jest za nju (A) = this is for her.
   
   
2. There is no need to add personal pronouns (ja, ty, on, ona, ono, my, vy, oni) to verbs. In English, we need to say pronoun in order to express the personal form of the verb, but Slavic verbs themselves carry this information through the personal postfixes. This style is also known from Romance languages.
   
   example: čitaju = (I) read, čitaje = (he) reads, čitajeme = (we) read, čitajut = (they) read ...

possessive pronouns moj = my, tvoj = yours, naš = our, vaš = your

These pronouns are used in all three genders and are inflected according to the soft pattern.

	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	moj	moj-a	moj-e	moj-i
genitive	moj-ego	moj-ej	moj-ego	moj-ih
dative	moj-emu	moj-ej	moj-emu	moj-im
accusative	moj-ego	moj-u	moj-e	moj-e
vocative	moj	moj-a	moj-e	moj-i
locative	moj-em	moj-ej	moj-em	moj-ih
instrumental	moj-im	moj-ej	moj-im	moj-imi

The same style as moj, moja, moje, moji = "my, of me" has tvoj, tvoja, tvoje, tvoji = "yours, of you (sg.)" and svoj, svoja, svoje, svoji = "of self".

	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	naš	naš-a	naš-e	naš-i
genitive	naš-ego	naš-ej	naš-ego	naš-ih
dative	naš-emu	naš-ej	naš-emu	naš-im
accusative	naš-ego	naš-u	naš-e	naš-e
vocative	naš	naš-a	naš-e	naš-i
locative	naš-em	naš-ej	naš-em	naš-ih
instrumental	naš-im	naš-ej	naš-im	naš-imi

It is obvious, that in the same style as naš, naša, naše, naši = "our, of us" is vaš, vaša, vaše, vaši = "yours, of you (pl.)".


possessive pronouns jego = his, jej = her, jego = its, jih = their

Note that these pronouns are identical to the genitive of pronouns on = he, ona = she, ono = it, oni = they. This means that they remain unchanged regardless their subject is inflected.

Example: jego dobra žena = his good woman/wife/lady

nominative	jego dobra žena
genitive	jego dobrej ženy
dative	jego dobrej ženie
accusative	jego dobru ženu
vocative	jego dobra ženo!
locative	jego dobrej ženie
instrumental	jego dobrej ženoj

interrogative pronouns kto, ktory = who;  što, kaky = what

Please remember that pronouns kto? = "who?", što? or čo? = "what?" are used at the position of the noun, and pronouns ktory? = "who?, which?", kaky? (or jaky?) = "what?, what kind of?" are used at the position of the adjective. But semantically there is no difference between kto? and ktory? and between što? and kaky?

Examples:

Kto jest doma? = Who is at home? (kto = subject of the sentence in nominative, at the position of a noun)

Što tu dielaješ? = What are you doing here? (što = object of the sentence in accusative, at position of a noun)

Ktory student tamo sedi? = Which student is sitting there? (ktory = "which" is added to the noun student as its adjective)

Kake jest ime tvojego prijatela? = What is the name of your friend? (kaky = "what, what kind of" is added to the noun prijatel as its adjective)


Remember, that kto is declined using the animate (A = G) hard pattern, što is declined using the inanimate (A = N) soft pattern. They have only one form for all three genders:

nominative	kto	što
genitive	kogo	čego
dative	komu	čemu
accusative	kogo	što
vocative	-	-
locative	kom	čem
instrumental	kiem	čim

ktory, ktora, ktore, ktori and jaky, jaka, jake, jaki are declined in the soft pattern as any ordinary adjective (e.g. jakego, jakemu, jakej, ...).


interrogative pronoun koj

Interrogative pronoun koj, koja, koje = which is identical with the pronoun ktory, ktora, ktore (e.g. is used at the position of the adjective). This pronoun is inflected in the same way as the possessive pronous moj and tvoj = "my" by the soft pattern.

	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	koj	koj-a	koj-e	koj-i
genitive	koj-ego	koj-ej	koj-ego	koj-ih
dative	koj-emu	koj-ej	koj-emu	koj-im
accusative	koj-ego	koj-u	koj-e	koj-e
vocative	koj	koj-a	koj-e	koj-i
locative	koj-em	koj-ej	koj-em	koj-ih
instrumental	koj-im	koj-ej	koj-im	koj-imi

Remember that the pronoun koj, koja, koje is frequently used in the southern Slavic languages, but the identical pronoun ktory, ktora, ktore is more used in the western and eastern Slavic languages. These pronouns (e.g. koj, ... and ktory, ...) are inflected in all three genders and all cases as adjectives.

examples:

Koj student tamo sedi? = Which student is sitting there? (ktory = koj = "which" is added to the noun student as its adjective)


interrogative pronouns kogo, čego = whose

Note that these pronouns are identical to the genitive of pronouns kto = who, što = what. This means that they remain noninflected regardless their subject is inflected.

example:

Kogo jest tuto auto? = Whose is this car?


interrogative pronouns and their answers

It is possible to create several pronouns using prefixes to the interrogative pronouns. Learn them from this table. The same prefixes (e.g. t-, in-, ni-, nie-, vse-, ...) are used at numerals and adverbs as well.

k-version (main)		j-version (optional)
kaky?	which?	jaky?	which?
taky	this, such a	taky	this, such a
ovaky	this, such a (roughly)	ovaky	this, such a (roughly)
onaky	this, such a (distantly)	onaky	this, such a (distantly)
inaky	other one	inaky	other one
nikaky	nobody	nijaky	nobody
niekaky	somebody, anybody	niejaky	somebody, anybody
vsekaky	everybody, whoever	vsejaky	everybody, whoever

relative pronouns in subordinate clauses

There are two ways how to refer something from the superordinate clause to the subordinate clause:

1. Using any standard interrogative pronoun (e.g. ktory, kaky, ...). This method is chosen in a situation where a subordinate clause adds or clarifies some still not fully known concept from a main sentence.
   
   Example:
   
   Kto jest tamtoj človiek, ktory imaje zelene auto? = Who is that man, who has a green car? (Here we need to define this unknown man.)
   Ne hoču auto, v ktorem jest slaby motor. = I do not want a car, in which the engine is weak. (Here we need to define this unknown car.)
   Ne hoču auto, v kojem jest slaby motor. = I do not want a car, in which the engine is weak. (Here we need to define this unknown car.)
   
   
   
2. Using special relative pronoun iže. This method is chosen in a situation where a subordinate clause adds a new feature to some already known concept from a main sentence.
   
   Example:
   
   Otče naš, iže jesi na nebesah. = Our Father (V), who are in heaven. (Here we add the new feature to the already known Father.)

The relative pronoun iže has the form iže in all (m., f., n., pl.) nominatives, and in all other cases it has the same forms as the pronoun on, ona, ono, oni with added postfix -že.

	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
nominative	iže	iže	iže	iže
genitive	(n)jegože	(n)jejže	(n)jegože	(n)jihže
dative	(n)jemuže	(n)jejže	(n)jemuže	(n)jimže
accusative	(n)jegože	(n)juže	(n)ježe	(n)ježe
vocative	-	-	-	-
locative	(n)jemže	(n)jejže	(n)jemže	(n)jihže
instrumental	(n)jimže	(n)jejže	(n)jimže	(n)jimiže

Examples:

Moj prijatel, jegože mlada žena tamo ide, jest bolestny. = My friend, whose young wife is going there, is sick.

Moj dom, v njemže žijut šest ljudi, jest maly. = My house, in which 6 people live, is small.

Finally, it should be noted that there is not a big mistake to use only interrogative pronouns (ktory, ktora, ktore, ktori) in all situations.